Mass and Age of the Evolving Five-Dimensional Universe as the Mass as its Fifth Dimension

Authors: J. J. Rawal^1,2,3,4,5,6, Bijan Nikouravan^7,1*

Affiliations:

• 1 The Indian Planetary Society (IPS), Astronomical, Astrophysical & Space Science Research Institute, Mumbai, India
• 2 P. C. Vaidya Astronomical, Astrophysical and Space Science Research Institute
• 3 NEOGEN Chemicals Ltd. Solar and Stellar Observatories
• 4 Studies and Research of Science in Ancient India and Its Relevance with Modern Science
• 5 Saurashtra Education Foundation
• 6 Nehru Udyan, Race Course, Rajkot - 360001, Gujarat, India
• 7 Department of Physics and Astrophysics, VaP.C, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

Emails: ips.science@gmail.com, nikouravan@gmail.com, nikouravan@iau.ac.ir

Journal: International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences

ISSN: 2231-8186

Volume: 15, Issue: 2, Pages: 24–28

Publication Date: June 2025

DOI: 10.14331/ijfps.2025.330174

Abstract

In this work, we explore the evolution of the universe within a five-dimensional framework, where mass is considered an additional, independent dimension alongside the conventional three spatial dimensions and time. By extending Lorentz-type transformations to incorporate mass, we establish a direct relationship between the total mass and the age of the universe. This leads to a generalized metric expressed as r² = x² + y² + z² – (ct)² – (G/c²M)², where M denotes mass in kilograms, and G/c² acts as a conversion factor expressing mass as a length-like dimension. Using this approach, we derive expressions showing that if the age of the universe at a given epoch is known, its total mass can be determined, and vice versa. The results yield an estimated present mass of approximately 10⁵³ kg and an age of about 14 billion years, both in strong agreement with contemporary astrophysical observations. Additionally, we perform a detailed numerical comparison with the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. Our framework introduces a novel geometrical perspective on cosmic evolution, suggesting alternative insights into the nature of mass, dark energy, and the structure of spacetime.

Keywords

Five-dimensional universe, Mass as a geometrical dimension, Lorentz-type transformation, ΛCDM comparison, Cosmic evolution, Numerical simulation

License: CC BY-NC